Defects
The Red Bead Experiment and the Total Quality Movement’s View of Systems and Defects
The Red Bead Experiment and the Total Quality Movement’s View of Systems and Defects
The Red Bead Experiment, created by quality pioneer W. Edwards Deming, is a demonstration that shows how most defects result from flaws in the system—not from the people doing the work. This lesson lies at the heart of the Total Quality Movement (TQM), which promotes continuous improvement through better system design, data, and feedback.
The Setup: A Lesson in Systems Thinking
In the Red Bead Experiment, “willing workers” are asked to produce only white beads by drawing from a box filled with both red and white beads. Despite their best effort, some red beads (defects) always appear. Managers may praise, blame, or reward workers—but the outcome doesn’t change, because the real cause lies in the system itself: the mix of beads.